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MRI Brain

ANDES schizophrenia MRI (six Latin American cities)

Latin American Network for the Study of Early Psychosis (ANDES), multi-site structural MRI sample

T1-weighted brain MRI of 334 patients with schizophrenia and 262 healthy controls from six cities in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Mexico, pooled by the ANDES network, with neighbourhood income and homicide rates. Shared on request only.

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Overview

The ANDES network (Latin American Network for the Study of Early Psychosis) is a consortium of psychosis research groups from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Mexico, coordinated from the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Six of its imaging groups pooled structural brain MRI of people with schizophrenia and healthy controls to study how neighbourhood poverty and violence relate to grey matter volume. This entry covers that pooled sample, including the Santiago (Chile) site, as described by Crossley et al. (2021).

Composition

The analysis included 334 patients with schizophrenia or schizophreniform disorder under 50 years of age and 262 healthy controls, from seven samples in Buenos Aires, Porto Alegre, São Paulo, Santiago, Medellín and Mexico City (two samples). Mean age was 29.4 years in patients and 28 in controls. The Santiago site contributed 52 inpatients aged 15 to 25 with a first episode of non-affective psychosis and 49 controls; Mexico City also recruited first-episode, antipsychotic-naive patients, and the other sites recruited chronic outpatients. Each participant has the average household income and homicide rate of their neighbourhood, taken from public government statistics (in Mexico, family income from hospital records).

Acquisition

Each site acquired a 3D T1-weighted scan on its own scanner and protocol: GE 3 T in Buenos Aires and Mexico City, Philips Ingenia 3 T in Santiago and Medellín, Philips Achieva 1.5 T in Porto Alegre and Siemens Magnetom Sonata 1.5 T in São Paulo. The supplement lists voxel size, TI, TE, TR and flip angle per site. The authors segmented the images with SPM12, built a DARTEL template, normalised to MNI space and harmonised the grey matter maps across scanners with ComBat.

Annotations

No image annotations. Labels are diagnosis, age, gender, symptom scores, illness duration, antipsychotic dose and the neighbourhood income and violence measures.

Known limitations

  • Not public. The data are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request, and each site's senior author must give permission. No terms are published.
  • Sex counts are given only as percentages, and per-site counts of scans per scanner are not reported separately for the two Mexico City samples.
  • Inclusion criteria, diagnostic instruments and illness stage differ between sites.

Cohort

Aggregate numbers from the sources below. Bars are relative to the 596 subjects.

Modality

subjects

  • MRI 596 100%

Contrast / sequence

subjects, values can overlap

  • T1-weighted 596 100%

Condition

subjects, values can overlap

  • Schizophrenia 334 56%
  • Healthy control 262 44%

Scanner vendor

subjects

  • Philips 233 39%
  • GE HealthCare 197 33%
  • Siemens Healthineers 166 28%

Field strength

subjects

  • 3 T 347 58%
  • 1.5 T 249 42%

Country

subjects

  • Brazil 249 42%
  • Mexico 116 19%
  • Chile 101 17%
  • Argentina 81 14%
  • Colombia 49 8%

License and access

Our reading of the license, not legal advice. Before you use the data, read the original license and confirm that your use is allowed. We take no responsibility for how you use a dataset. Full disclaimer

Access
On request

Ask the authors or the data holder. No published process or terms, and access is at their discretion

The data availability statement says the data are available from the corresponding author (Nicolas A. Crossley), subject to permission from the senior author of each site, upon reasonable request.

Access page

No published license or data use terms

The data holder has published no license and no data use terms. Any use, sharing or commercial right has to be agreed with the data holder, and nothing can be assumed to be allowed. Default copyright and data protection law still apply.

The paper's data availability statement gives no terms beyond a reasonable request and per-site permission. The ANDES network page cited in the paper (www.cyted.org/redes/ANDES) and the CYTED network page return 404.

Original license text Checked 2026-10-08

What you can do

  • Commercial use Not stated
  • Not stated
  • Train ML models Not stated
  • Create derived data Not stated
  • Publish results Not stated

What you can share

  • Share the data Not stated
  • Share derived data Not stated
  • Share trained models Not stated

What you must do

  • Cite or credit Not stated
  • Share alike Not stated
  • Sign an agreement Not stated
  • Ethics approval Not stated
  • Manuscript review Not stated
  • Release code Not stated
  • Return results Not stated
  • Delete after use Not stated

Limits

  • No re-identification Not stated
  • Location limits Not stated

Citation

Crossley NA, Zugman A, Reyes-Madrigal F, Czepielewski LS, Castro MN, Diaz-Zuluaga AM, Pineda-Zapata JA, Reckziegel R, Gadelha A, Jackowski A, Noto C, Alliende LM, Iruretagoyena B, Ossandon T, Ramirez-Mahaluf JP, Castañeda CP, Gonzalez-Valderrama A, Nachar R, León-Ortiz P, Undurraga J, López-Jaramillo C, Guinjoan SM, Gama CS, de la Fuente-Sandoval C, Bressan RA, ANDES Network. Structural brain abnormalities in schizophrenia in adverse environments: examining the effect of poverty and violence in six Latin American cities. The British Journal of Psychiatry 218(2), 112-118 (2021). doi:10.1192/bjp.2020.143

All numbers

Every number on this page, as stored in stats.csv, with its source.

MeasureBreakdownValueSource
Subjectstotal
334 patients with schizophrenia and 262 healthy controls
596crossley2021
Results; Table 1
Subjectsmodality=MR 596crossley2021
Table 1
Subjectscontrast=T1w
T1-weighted images acquired at every site
596crossley2021
Method: Preprocessing of images
Subjectscondition=schizophrenia
diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizophreniform disorder under age 50; site inclusion criteria in Table S1 of the supplement
334crossley2021
Table 1
Subjectscondition=healthy 262crossley2021
Table 1
Mean agecondition=schizophrenia 29.4crossley2021
Table 1
Age SDcondition=schizophrenia 9.4crossley2021
Table 1
Mean agecondition=healthy 28crossley2021
Table 1
Age SDcondition=healthy 8.3crossley2021
Table 1
Subjectscountry=AR
Buenos Aires: 37 patients and 44 controls
81crossley2021
Table 1
Subjectscountry=BR
sum of the two disjoint Brazilian sites: Porto Alegre (40 patients, 43 controls) and São Paulo (115 patients, 51 controls)
249crossley2021
Table 1
Subjectscountry=CL
Santiago: 52 patients and 49 controls; patients were inpatients aged 15 to 25 with a first episode of non-affective psychosis (Table S1)
101crossley2021
Table 1
Subjectscountry=CO
Medellín: 28 patients and 21 controls
49crossley2021
Table 1
Subjectscountry=MX
Mexico City, two samples: 62 patients and 54 controls
116crossley2021
Table 1
Subjectscountry=AR;condition=schizophrenia 37crossley2021
Table 1
Subjectscountry=AR;condition=healthy 44crossley2021
Table 1
Subjectscountry=BR;condition=schizophrenia
sum of Porto Alegre (40) and São Paulo (115)
155crossley2021
Table 1
Subjectscountry=BR;condition=healthy
sum of Porto Alegre (43) and São Paulo (51)
94crossley2021
Table 1
Subjectscountry=CL;condition=schizophrenia 52crossley2021
Table 1
Subjectscountry=CL;condition=healthy 49crossley2021
Table 1
Subjectscountry=CO;condition=schizophrenia 28crossley2021
Table 1
Subjectscountry=CO;condition=healthy 21crossley2021
Table 1
Subjectscountry=MX;condition=schizophrenia 62crossley2021
Table 1
Subjectscountry=MX;condition=healthy 54crossley2021
Table 1
Subjectsvendor=ge
Buenos Aires (GE 3 T, 81) and both Mexico City samples (GE Signa HDxt 3 T, 116); site counts from Table 1 of the paper
197crossley2021-supp
Table S1
Subjectsvendor=philips
Santiago (Philips Ingenia 3 T, 101), Medellín (Philips Ingenia 3 T, 49) and Porto Alegre (Philips Achieva 1.5 T, 83); site counts from Table 1 of the paper
233crossley2021-supp
Table S1
Subjectsvendor=siemens
São Paulo (Siemens Magnetom Sonata 1.5 T); site count from Table 1 of the paper
166crossley2021-supp
Table S1
Subjectsfield_strength=3
Buenos Aires, Santiago, Medellín and Mexico City; site counts from Table 1 of the paper
347crossley2021-supp
Table S1
Subjectsfield_strength=1.5
Porto Alegre and São Paulo; site counts from Table 1 of the paper
249crossley2021-supp
Table S1

Sources

The keys used in the table above.